Haɗin Blockchain da Lissafin Gaci a cikin IoT: Bincike da Bita

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa

Haɗin blockchain da lissafin gaci yana wakiltar sauyin tsari a cikin tsarin Internet of Things (IoT). Lissafin girgije na al'ada yana fuskantar manyan ƙalubale wajen sarrafa ɓarnar bayanan IoT, musamman a cikin aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar sarrafa lokaci-lokaci kamar Smart Grid da Internet of Vehicles (IoV). Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Sadarwa ta yi hasashen za a sami na'urori haɗe 29 billion nan da 2022, tare da kusan 18 billion masu alaƙa da IoT, wanda ke haifar da buƙatun da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba don rarraba, amintaccen hanyoyin lissafi.

2. Bayanin Bayan Fage

2.1 Tushen Blockchain

Fasahar Blockchain tana ba da tsarin littafin rarraba ta amfani da cibiyoyin sadarwa tsakanin mutane, ilimin sirri, da ma'ajiyar bayanai don cimma mahimman kaddarorin da suka haɗa da rarrabawa, bayyana gaskiya, bin diddigin, tsaro, da rashin canzawa. Za a iya wakiltar ainihin tsarin blockchain ta hanyar tsarin sarkar hash:

$H_i = hash(H_{i-1} || T_i || nonce)$

inda $H_i$ shine hash na block na yanzu, $H_{i-1}$ shine hash na block na baya, $T_i$ yana wakiltar ma'amaloli, kuma $nonce$ shine ƙimar tabbacin aiki.

2.2 Tsarin Lissafin Gaci

Lissafin gaci yana faɗaɗa iyawar girgije zuwa ɓangarorin hanyar sadarwa, yana samar da rarraba, ƙananan jinkirin ayyukan lissafi. Tsarin yawanci ya ƙunshi matakai uku: matakin girgije, matakin gaci, da matakin na'ura. Ana sanya nodes na gaci a matsayi mai dabarun kusa da tushen bayanai, yana rage jinkiri daga matsakaita 100-200ms a cikin lissafin girgije zuwa 10-20ms a cikin yanayin gaci.

3. Tsarin Haɗin Kai

Tsarin haɗin blockchain da lissafin gaci (IBEC) ya ƙunshi mahimman sassa guda huɗu:

• Matakin Na'ura: Na'urori masu auna firikwensin IoT da masu kunnawa
• Matakin Gaci: Nodes na gaci masu ikon lissafi
• Matakin Blockchain: Rarraba littafin don tsaro da aminci
• Matakin Girgije: Ajiyar albarkatun cibiya da ajiya

Wannan tsarin matsayi yana ba da damar ingantaccen sarrafa bayanai yayin kiyaye tsaro ta hanyar littafin da ba za a iya canzawa na blockchain.

4. Bita Fa'idodin Juna

4.1 Blockchain don Lissafin Gaci

Blockchain yana haɓaka tsaron lissafin gaci ta hanyoyi da yawa. Kwangiloli masu wayo suna ba da damar sarrafa shiga ta atomatik da tabbatar da haƙiƙa. Yanayin rarrabawa yana hana wuraren gazawa guda ɗaya, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga mahimman aikace-aikacen IoT. Za a iya sarrafa rabon albarkatu da kawar da aiki ta hanyar algorithms na tushen blockchain, yana tabbatar da bayyana gaskiya da adalci.

4.2 Lissafin Gaci don Blockchain

Lissafin gaci yana samar da rarraba albarkatun lissafi don ayyukan blockchain. Na'urorin gaci na iya shiga cikin ayyukan haƙa ma'adinai, ƙirƙirar cibiyar sadarwa mafi rarrabawa. Kusanci da tushen bayanai yana rage jinkiri a cikin sarrafa ma'amalar blockchain, musamman ma mahimmanci ga aikace-aikacen IoT na lokaci-lokaci.

5. Ƙalubalen Fasaha da Magani

Manyan ƙalubale a cikin tsarin IBEC sun haɗa da:

• Gudanar da Albarkatu: Ƙayyadadden albarkatun na'urar gaci suna buƙatar ingantattun algorithms na rabawa
• Haɗin Ingantawa: Daidaita buƙatun tsaron blockchain tare da aikin lissafin gaci
• Gudanar da Bayanai: Sarrafa ɗimbin rafukan bayanan IoT yayin kiyaye amincin blockchain
• Kawar da Lissafi: Rarraba aiki mai ƙarfi tsakanin albarkatun gaci da girgije
• Hanyoyin Tsaro: Karewa daga hare-hare a cikin yanayin rarrabawa

6. Sakamakon Gwaji

Ƙimar gwaji ta nuna gagarumin ci gaba a cikin tsarin IBEC. A cikin yanayin IoV, ingantaccen tsarin yana rage matsakaicin lokacin amsawa da kashi 45% idan aka kwatanta da maganin girgije kawai. Ƙarfin kaya yana ƙaruwa da kashi 60% yayin kiyaye matakan tsaro daidai da tsarin blockchain na al'ada. An lura da ma'aunin ayyuka masu zuwa:

Binciken tsaro ya nuna cewa tsarin IBEC yana kiyaye cikakkiyar bayanai kashi 99.8% yayin rage amfani da makamashi da kashi 35% idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin haƙa ma'adinan blockchain na al'ada.

7. Aiwar Code

A ƙasa akwai misalin kwangila mai sauƙi don rabon albarkatu a cikin tsarin IBEC:

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract ResourceAllocation {
    struct EdgeNode {
        address nodeAddress;
        uint256 computingPower;
        uint256 storageCapacity;
        bool isAvailable;
    }
    
    mapping(address => EdgeNode) public edgeNodes;
    
    function registerNode(uint256 _computingPower, uint256 _storageCapacity) public {
        edgeNodes[msg.sender] = EdgeNode({
            nodeAddress: msg.sender,
            computingPower: _computingPower,
            storageCapacity: _storageCapacity,
            isAvailable: true
        });
    }
    
    function allocateTask(uint256 _requiredComputing, uint256 _requiredStorage) public view returns (address) {
        // Sauƙaƙan algorithm na rabon aiki
        for (uint i = 0; i < nodeCount; i++) {
            if (edgeNodes[nodeList[i]].computingPower >= _requiredComputing && 
                edgeNodes[nodeList[i]].storageCapacity >= _requiredStorage &&
                edgeNodes[nodeList[i]].isAvailable) {
                return edgeNodes[nodeList[i]].nodeAddress;
            }
        }
        return address(0);
    }
}

8. Ayyukan Gaba da Jagorori

Tsarin IBEC yana nuna alƙawari a fagage da yawa:

• Lafiya Mai Hikima: Amintaccen sarrafa bayanan marasa lafiya a wuraren gaci
• Motoci Masu Cin Gashin Kansu: Yin yanke shawara na lokaci-lokaci tare da tabbatar da cikakkiyar bayanai
• Masana'antu IoT: Amintaccen saka idanu da sarrafa hanyoyin masana'antu
• Birane Masu Hikima: Rarraba tsarin gudanar birane

Hanyoyin bincike na gaba sun haɗa da algorithms na blockchain masu jure ƙididdigewa, ingantaccen gudanar da albarkatu na AI, da haɗin kai tsakanin sarkoki don aikace-aikacen IoT na fage da yawa.

9. Bita Na Asali

Haɗin blockchain da lissafin gaci yana wakiltar sauyin tsari na asali wanda ke magance manyan iyakoki a cikin lissafin girgije na al'ada da tsarin gaci na kansa. Wannan binciken ya yi cikakken nazari kan yadda waɗannan fasahohin suke haifar da fa'idodin haɗin gwiwar da suka wuce iyawar su ɗaya. Kamar yadda CycleGAN ta nuna fassarar hoto ta hanyoyi biyu ba tare da misalan haɗin gwiwa ba, tsarin IBEC yana ba da damar haɓaka tsaro da aiki ta hanyoyi biyu waɗanda ba a iya samun su da tsarin da suka gabata.

Daga mahangar fasaha, mafi girman gudunmawar ta ta'allaka ne a magance cinikin aminci-lissafi wanda ya addabi tsarin IoT da aka rarraba. Lissafin gaci na al'ada yana sadaukar da wasu tsaro don aiki, yayin da aiwatar da blockchain zalla ke ba da fifikon tsaro a farashin ingancin lissafi. Hanyar IBEC, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin wannan binciken, ta nuna cewa ingantaccen haɗin kai zai iya cimma ma duka manufofin lokaci guda. Wannan ya yi daidai da binciken daga IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, wanda ke jaddada cewa tsarin gauraye sau da yawa sun fi dacewa da hanyoyin guda ɗaya a cikin hadaddun tsarin rarrabawa.

Ƙalubalen gudanar da albarkatu da aka gano a cikin binciken sun nuna wani yanki mai mahimmanci don bincike na gaba. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin fitowar ta musamman ta ACM Computing Surveys kan hankalin gaci, bambancin na'urorin gaci yana haifar da matsalolin ingantawa na musamman waɗanda ba su wanzu a cikin yanayin girgije iri ɗaya ba. Ƙirar lissafi na waɗannan matsalolin sau da yawa ta ƙunshi ingantawa da manufa da yawa tare da takurawa masu karo da juna, kamar rage jinkiri yayin haɓaka tsaro. Tattaunawar binciken game da hanyoyin haɗin ingantawa yana ba da haske mai mahimmanci ga wannan sarari mai sarƙaƙƙiya.

Idan aka kwatanta da sauran tsarin haɗin kai kamar waɗanda aka tattauna a cikin tarin Lissafin Gaci na Springer, ingantaccen tsarin na tushen blockchain yana ba da fa'idodi na musamman a cikin dubawa da juriya ga ɓarna. Duk da haka, binciken ya gano daidai girman girma a matsayin ƙalubalen da ya rage. Aikin gaba yakamai ya binciko dabarun rarrabuwa masu kama da waɗanda ake haɓakawa don Ethereum 2.0, wanda zai iya magance iyakokin ƙarfin kaya yayin kiyaye kaddarorin tsaron da ke sa blockchain yana da kima ga mahimman aikace-aikacen IoT.

Sakamakon gwaji da aka gabatar, wanda ke nuna ragin jinkiri kashi 45% da ceton makamashi kashi 35%, sun nuna fa'idodi na zahiri waɗanda za su iya haɓaka karɓuwa a cikin turawa na ainihin duniya. Waɗannan binciken suna da mahimmanci musamman ga aikace-aikace kamar motoci masu cin gashin kansu da sarrafa masana'antu, inda duka aiki da tsaro suke buƙatun da ba za a iya sasantawa ba. Yayin da yanayin IoT ke ci gaba da faɗaɗawa zuwa ga hasashen na'urori haɗe 29 billion, tsare-tsare kamar IBEC za su zama mahimmanci sosai don sarrafa sikelin da sarƙaƙiyar tsarin haɗin gwiwa na gaba.

10. Nassoshi

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2. M. Satyanarayanan. "Fitowar Lissafin Gaci." Kwamfuta, 50(1):30-39, 2017.
3. S. Nakamoto. "Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki Tsakanin Mutane." 2008.
4. W. Wang et al. "Bincike kan Hanyoyin Yarda da Dabarun Haƙa Ma'adinai a cikin Blockchain." IEEE Access, 2020.
5. Y. C. Hu et al. "Lissafin Gaci don Internet of Things: Bincike." ACM Computing Surveys, 2021.
6. Z. Zhou et al. "Hankalin Gaci: Gina Mil Na Ƙarshe na Hankalin Wucin Gadi tare da Lissafin Gaci." Proceedings of the IEEE, 2020.
7. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. "Blockchain don Tsaron IoT." Vol. 23, No. 1, 2021.
8. ACM Computing Surveys. "Hankalin Gaci da Blockchain." Vol. 54, No. 8, 2022.