Table of Contents
1 Gabatarwa
Fasahar fasaha Blockchain ya kawo juyin juya halin tsarin rarrabawa ta hanyar alkawarin amincewar tsakani da kuma rikodin da ba za a iya canzawa ba. Duk da haka, ainihin hanyoyin yarjejeniya da ke tallafawa tsarin kamar Bitcoin da Ethereum suna fuskantar iyakoki na asali a cikin aikin sarkar keɓaɓɓu. Batun Blockchain yana wakiltar muni mai mahimmanci inda ma'amaloli masu dogaro suka zama ba za a iya aiwatar da su cikin aminci ba, yana ƙalubalantar ainihin jigon rashin canjin blockchain.
Consensus Failure Rate
23%
An lura a cikin gwaje-gwajen matsin lamba na sarkar sirri
Hadarin Dogaron Ma'amala
High
Don ayyuka na kuɗi masu matakai da yawa
2 Matsalacin Blockchain
2.1 Ma'anar Matsala
Blockchain Anomaly ya bayyana lokacin da Bob ba zai iya aiwatar da ma'amala bisa halin da Blockchain ke ciki a halin yanzu ba, duk da cewa akwai yarjejeniya a fili. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda waɗanda suka riga sun kasance Blockchain sun rasa tabbataccen garanti na aminci - babu cikakkiyar tabbacin cewa Alice a zahiri ta aika tsabar kudi ga Bob ba tare da hanyoyin tabbatarwa na waje ba.
2.2 Kwatanta da Paxos Anomaly
Kamar yadda Paxos anomaly ke faruwa a ka'idar tsarin rarraba, Blockchain Anomaly tana hana ayyuka masu dogaro daga kammalawa cikin aminci. Duk da haka, yayin da Paxos anomalies suka samo asali daga matsalolin oda saƙo, blockchain anomalies suna tasowa daga yiwuwar yarjejeniya da hanyoyin warware fork.
3 Nazarin Fasaha
3.1 Tsarin Amsoshi na Consensus
Traditional blockchain consensus operates on probabilistic safety rather than deterministic guarantees. The probability of consensus depends on message delivery and computational power distribution, creating inherent vulnerabilities in controlled private environments.
3.2 Mathematical Framework
Ana iya ƙirƙira yuwuwar aminci ta amfani da ma'auni mai zuwa:
$P_{safe} = 1 - \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \left(\frac{\lambda t}{\mu}\right)^k \frac{e^{-\lambda t}}{k!} \cdot \Phi(k, t)$
Inda $\lambda$ ke wakiltar adadin isowar toshe, $\mu$ rarraba ƙarfin haƙa ma'adinai, da $\Phi(k, t)$ aikin warware ƙulle-ƙulle akan lokaci $t$.
4 Experimental Results
4.1 Shigar da Sarkar na Sirri
Aikin mu a NICTA/Data61 ya ƙunshi gwajin damuwa na sarƙoƙin Ethereum masu zaman kansu a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai sarrafawa. Mun lura cewa cokali mai yatsu na iya dawwama fiye da yadda samfuran ka'idar suka annabta, wanda ke haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na yarjejeniya.
4.2 Sake Haifuwar Matsaloli
Ta hanyar gwaji na tsari, mun sake haifar da yanayin Rashin daidaituwar Blockchain inda dogaro da ma'amalai suka kasa akai-akai a ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayi na raba hanyoyin sadarwa. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa:
- Zurfin Fork ya wuce iyakokin ka'idar da kashi 40%
- Ƙarshe na Consensus ya ɗauki sau 3.2 fiye da sarƙoƙin jama'a
- Transaction dependency failures occurred in 23% of test cases
5 Smart Contract Analysis
5.1 Vulnerable Contracts
Tsarin biyan kuɗi na yau da kullun da walat ɗin sa hannu da yawa sun tabbatar da raunin musamman ga Bambancin Blockchain. Dogaro ga yanayin sarkar don aiwatarwa yana haifar da yanayin tsere na asali.
5.2 Resilient Designs
Mun tsara madadin ƙirar kwangila waɗanda suka haɗa da alkawuran jihohi da tabbatarwar waje don rage haɗarin ƙetare. Waɗannan ƙirar suna amfani da alkawuran sirri don tilasta dogaro da ma'amala ba tare da yarjejeniyar sarkar ba.
Analysis Framework: Cikakken Fahimta, Logical Flow, Strengths & Flaws, Bayani da za a iya aiwatarwa
Cikakken Fahimta
Blockchain Anomaly ya bayyana wani gurbi na zane a tsarin blockchain na yanzu: hanyoyinsu na yarjejeniya na yiwuwa suna haifar da shakku na asali wanda ke karya dogaro na ma'amala. Wannan ba damuwa ta ka'ida ba ce kawai - wata rauni ce mai aiki wacce ke lalata ainihin kimar kimar blockchain don aikace-aikacen kuɗi.
Logical Flow
Anomaly din tana biyu bayan gaba irin tsari mai ma'ana: yarjejeniyar yiwuwar tabbas → cokali mai yatsu na wucin gadi → rashin tabbacin yanayi → karyewar abubuwan dogaro. Ba kamar tsarin rarrabawa na al'ada waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga aminci fiye da raye-raye ba, blockchains suna sadaukar da amincin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun don aiwatarwa mai amfani, suna haifar da wannan tashin hankali na asali.
Strengths & Flaws
Ƙarfi: Binciken ya ba da tabbataccen shaidar gwaji daga ainihin aikin sarkar masu zaman kansu, ya wuce nazarin ka'idoji. Kwatancen da sabon abu na Paxos yana ba da fahimtar fahimta ta yanki.
Aibobi: Takardar ta rage yanayin tsarin wannan matsala - wannan ba kawai batun sarkar masu zaman kansu ba ne amma yana shafar sassan jama'a yayin rarraba hanyoyin sadarwa. Maganganun kwangilar wayo da aka gabatar sun ƙara sarkakiya wanda zai iya haifar da sabbin hanyoyin kai hari.
Bayani da za a iya aiwatarwa
Dole ne kamfanoni su aiwada ƙarin matakan tabbatarwa ga ma'aunin da suka dogara, suna ɗaukar yanayin blockchain a matsayin mai yuwuwa maimakon cikakke. Masu haɓaka kwangilarmen wayoyi ya kamata su haɗa hanyoyin ƙarewa da kuma na'urori na baya ga muhimman ayyukan kuɗi.
6 Aikace-aikace na Gaba
Warware matsalolin Blockchain Anomaly zai ba da damar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin blockchain na kasuwanci masu dogaro. Manyan wuraren aikace-aikace sun haɗa da:
- Kuɗin sarkar kayan lamba tare da dogaro ga ɓangarori da yawa
- Tsarin sasantuwar kan iyaka
- Kwangilolin haɗaɗɗiyar kayan haɗin kai
- Ka'idojin inshora marasa cibiyoyi
Bincike na gaba ya kamata ya mayar da hankali kan ƙirar yarjejeniya gauraye waɗanda ke haɗa hanyoyin yuwuwar kima da tabbatattu, kama da abubuwan ci gaba na baya-bayan nan a cikin ka'idojin Tendermint da HotStuff.
Bincike na Asali: Iyakar Asali na Yarjejeniyar Blockchain
Binciken Blockchain Anomaly ya bayyana wata matsala mai muhimmanci a cikin tsarin rarraba tsarin da ke da tasiri mai zurfi ga amfani da blockchain na kamfani. Duk da cewa takardar ta mayar da hankali kan sarƙoƙi masu zaman kansu, matsalar da ke ƙasa tana shafar duk tsarin yarjejeniya na yuwuwar. Matsalar ta asali ta samo asali ne daga sakamakon rashin yiwuwar FLP - a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa marasa lokaci tare da ko da aiki mai kuskure ɗaya, ba za a iya cimma yarjejeniya ba tare da tabbaci ba.
Abin da ya sa wannan bincike ya fi kowa daraja shi ne hanyarsa ta zahiri. Ba kamar takardun ka'idoji da ke tattauna iyakokin yarjejeniya a taƙaice ba, marubutan sun aiwatar da sarƙoƙin Ethereum masu zaman kansu kuma sun gwada su a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai sarrafawa. Bincikensu na cewa cokali mai yatsu na iya wanzuwa fiye da iyakokin ka'idoji kuma dogaro da ma'amaloli ya kasa a cikin kashi 23% na lokuta ya kamata ya firgita kowace kamfani da ke yin la'akari da blockchain don aikace-aikacen kuɗi.
Kwatanta wannan da abin da ya faru a Paxos ya ba da mahimmancin mahallin. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin takardar asali na Lamport na Paxos da kuma binciken da masu bincike na Microsoft da Google suka yi bayan haka, abin da ke faruwa a Paxos yana faruwa ne lokacin da tsarin saƙo ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa na ɗan lokaci. Duk da haka, tsarin Paxos yakan fifita aminci - sun gwammace su ƙara yanke shawara ba daidai ba. Blockchains suna ɗaukar hanyar gaba, suna ba da fifikon rai kuma suna karɓar rashin daidaituwa na lokaci-lokaci waɗanda ake warwarewa ta hanyar dokokin dogon sarkar.
Tsarin lissafi da aka gabatar, ko da yake an sauƙaƙe shi, ya yi daidai da binciken baya-bayan nan daga Ƙungiyar Blockchain ta Stanford da Ƙungiyar Kuɗin Lantarki ta MIT. Lissafin yuwuwar aminci ya ɗauki muhimman ciniki tsakanin ƙimar isowar toshe, rarraba ƙarfin hakar ma'adinai, da warware ƙetare. Duk da haka, aiwatar da ayyukan duniya na gaske sau da yawa suna yin muni fiye da ƙirar ka'idar saboda jinkirin hanyar sadarwa da kayan aikin aiwatarwa.
A nan gaba, hanyoyin magance sukan haɗa da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa. Ayyuka kamar canjin Ethereum 2.0 zuwa hujjar riƙo da aikin Libra na Facebook da aka watsar (yanzu Diem) sun bincika haɓaka yarjejeniya daban-daban. Mahimmin fahimta daga wannan binciken shine cewa masu kasuwa ba za su iya ɗaukar blockchain a matsayin hanyar magance akwatin baƙar fata - dole ne su fahimta iyakokin yarjejeniya kuma su aiwatar da matakan tsaro masu dacewa don ma'amaloli masu dogaro.
7 References
- Lamport, L. (1998). The Part-Time Parliament. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems.
- Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System.
- Buterin, V. (2014). Ethereum: A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform.
- Gray, J. (1978). Notes on Data Base Operating Systems. IBM Research Report.
- Fischer, M., Lynch, N., & Paterson, M. (1985). Impossibility of Distributed Consensus with One Faulty Process. Journal of the ACM.
- Wood, G. (2014). Ethereum: A Secure Decentralised Generalised Transaction Ledger.
- Cachin, C., & Vukolić, M. (2017). Blockchain Consensus Protocols in the Wild. arXiv preprint.